For years it has been thought that teaching a foreign language to preschool-age children would be useless. However, teacher training institute indicates that the best time for a child to learn another language is in the first three to four years of life.
When Children Are Young, Language Learning Is Natural Process kids growing up in a well-rounded environment learns to speak at least 2,000 basic words by the time they are three to four years old. Simply watching how babies learn to talk proves that they are natural learners. During the first six months of life, babies jabber using 70 sounds that make up all the languages in the world. They will then learn to talk using only the sounds and words they pick up from their surroundings, most significantly from their parents and caregivers. A baby's brain will then remove the ability to speak in languages he or she does not hear.
Preschool Years Are Vital Years "During this period and particularly the first three years of life, the basics for thinking, language, vision, attitudes, aptitudes, and other characteristics are laid down," says? early childhood care and education.
As a result, it would be a waste not to use a child's natural skill to learn during his or her most vital years, when learning a second language is as easy as learning the first. Since 50 percent of the capability to learn is developed in the first years of life and another 30 percent by age eight, early childhood care development programs have the opportunity to support early learning and development. This does not mean, however, that 50 to 80 percent of one's intellect, wisdom, or knowledge is formed during early childhood. It simply means that during the first few years of life, children form their main learning pathways in the brain. There are six main pathways to the brain. They consist of learning by sight, sound, taste, touch, smell, and doing. Later in life, everything a person learns will grow from the information gained during these early years.
Young Migrant Children Are the Models unfortunately, most American schools teach foreign languages when students are in high school. According to nursery teacher training, foreign language teaching should begin when kids are in preschool?when teachers can make the most of a child's willingness and ability to learn. By the time a student reaches high school, the best possible learning period is lost. The success of foreign language training during the preschool years can be found by visiting emigrant nursery schools in Sweden. In these schools you will find three-year-olds speaking three different languages smoothly. In fact, Sweden has one of the highest literacy rates in the world. Many people speak different languages, particularly at migrant camps where they learn languages rapidly. So how is that possible? They use sensory stimulation and play combined with language learning.
How Can You Teach a Second or Third Language to Young Children? Infants can learn by listening, seeing, imitating, and practicing. So talk to them from the start. Tell them what you are doing. Introduce them to rhymes, songs, games, and counting in a second or third language. If you can't speak another language yourself, get plenty of tapes. Think about boarding a foreign student. Most significantly, make learning fun.
Here are? tips for teaching the children in your care a second language. ? 1. Learn by doing. Play grocery store, make a snack, or take a walk. While you are communicating with the kids during these activities, speak a second or third language. ? 2. Emphasize with pictures and sounds. Say the sounds of the language that go with a picture in a playful way. For example, "A is for apple". ? 3. Learning should be fun. The more fun it is to learn a language, the more an infant will want to stay with it. Learning while playing is the best way to learn because it creates emotional attachments, and emotion is the door to learning. ? 4. Learn with music and rhythm. Music is one way to use the whole brain. Do you still memorize the songs you learned in early childhood? Most people do because lyrics combined with music are easier to learn. ? 5. Learn by talking to each other. Having students practice a language by talking to each other over a meal. ? 6. Link numbers and words in a playful way. The more you link, the more you learn. Anything can be associated when learning a second language, including numbers and new words. ? 7. Learn by touching. Do little finger rhymes in a second language. While you sing or say "Itsy, bitsy spider" have the fingers of each hand touch another finger, as if the spider is climbing. ? 8. Learn by tasting (Dryden & Rose, 1995).Have youngsters celebrate language learning by eating foods and saying the food name in the new language. ? 9. Learn by smelling. Play smelling games. Hide objects in a sack, and have the children guess what is inside. Persuade them to say the new word in the language they are learning. ? 10. Use the whole world as your classroom. Turn every outing into a learning experience. You can learn new words while counting oranges; comparing leaves; classifying different birds, food, or anything that interests the children.
Conclusion To learn anything fast and effectively, you have to see it, hear it, and feel it .Children can learn almost anything if they are dancing, tasting, touching, seeing, and feeling information.
Have you been thinking about pool fencing? Then, it becomes necessary for you to know its varied types. In order to make a wise choice, it is essential that you keep in mind your particular needs and as well as the budget.
The most important benefit of a pool fence is that you can ensure ultimate safety for your family especially your kids. So, what are you waiting for? Install it at the earliest. But, before that do have a look at its different types.
Getting to understand about the many types of Pool Fencing
Glass Fencing- For those who are looking for a modernized appearance, then glass fencing is what You Need To opt for. Here, you will find a series of merits such as
* It allows you to enjoy the view of the surrounding as there is no blockage.
* Very simple to deal with
* Low maintenance level
* As it does not put a demarcation line between the pool and the ground, you get the liberty to choose from rimmed glass fences to frameless glass.
Brush Fencing- This is the most common Pool Fencing which people opt for. The great convenience involved is an appealing feature. As it?s composed of brush timber, it?s very appropriate with all kinds of shape of pools.
There?s additionally the comfort thing. Individuals are not able to see via this fencing. Which means you can make sure of taking advantage of the private moments to the maximum. And yes you can enjoy the natural environment also. For those who have thick gardens, it?s ideal that you opt for this particular fencing.
Tubular Fencing- The cost-effectiveness factor is definitely the most appealing factor here. Consists of the mixture of different types of aluminium panel, you get to select from a number of unique colors.
Opting for this kind of Pool Fencing will bring about a good deal of benefits. The maintenance level is low and it is easy to handle as well. This can also be integrated with any structure and it is also comes with an extremely strong durability as well.
Brick Fencing- Are you looking for something unique and distinct? It is highly advisable that you go for brick fencing. Though it can get a bit costly but then, it offers the best security ever.
Timber Fencing- This really acts as a temporary landscape which is taken away just whenever you need. It?s also well known for its powerful endurance and you also get to alter the colors too.
Is it important to hire a expert for pool fencing?
When it comes to installing a pool fence, you ought to hire the services of an able contractor. He is the one who has a sound knowledge and good amount of experience. And moreover the expert will also have a good hold about the laws of the State.
It?s only then that you can make certain of getting the right Pool Fencing that will supply security at it?s best.
Hollywood has seen a recent tattoo boom and it might be due to the release of??The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo,?or perhaps the paparazzi are finally catching celebrities with their skin exposed. Angelina Jolie chooses spiritual quotes, Megan Fox gets meaningful images, Lea Michele picks memorable milestones and Reese Witherspoon opts for family representations to be displayed on her body. No matter what your tattoo style is, you want them to be done professionally. Here are the best tattoo parlors in the Sacramento area to help you find a reputable artist to illustrate your body.
Photo Credit: Thinkstock.com
Monster Ink Tattoo
1126 19th St
Sacramento, CA95811
(916) 446-7181
Hours: Mon to Sat ? 12 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Monster Ink Tattoo has received rave reviews from its customers. The artist and owner of the parlor, Tuan Tran, is the winner of several tattoo contests. The shop recommends dropping in for a consultation prior to scheduling an appointment, and rates vary by piece. You can find samples of the artists? work on the website, so you can decide which artist best illustrates what you are looking to have done before going in for a consultation. Monster Ink is known for being clean and comfortable, even for first timers.
Soulution Ink Tattoos
85A Quinta Ct S
Sacramento, CA95823
(916) 681-3888
Hours: Mon to Sat ? 8 a.m. to 7 p.m.
The artist at Soulution Ink is most known for his colorful, abstract art, and customers also come here for tribal tattoos with intricate designs. The website houses a number of sample pictures of detailed designs, so those who are unsure of what exactly they want done can go there for inspiration. The talented artist is eager to answer questions to help make your experience comfortable and worry-free.
Legacy Tattoo
5140 Folsom Blvd
Sacramento, CA95819
(916) 454-5404
Hours: Daily ? 12 p.m. to 9 p.m.
This tattoo parlor boasts a staff of four talented artists who each have a distinct style. Jackson, Branden, Alfredo or Steve will work with you to ensure you leave with the vision you had in mind when walking into he shop. Be sure to bring in an image similar to what you want so that the artists can work with you to create the perfect tattoo.
Photo Credit: Thinkstock.com
Urban Body
802 2nd St
Davis, CA95616
(530) 297-1035
Hours: Daily ? 12 p.m. to 9 p.m.
This body piercing and tattoo studio located in downtown Davis won the 2009 and 2011 Readers? Choice Best Tattoo/Piercing in Yolo County. Images of piercings and tattoos displayed on the studio?s website make it easy to see that tattoo artists at Urban Body have great talent. The staff here is professional and will make you feel welcome.
Primary Concepts
219 E St
Suite D
Davis, CA95616
(530) 400-9622
Hours: Tues to Sat ? 12 p.m. to 9 p.m.
Many tattoo lovers recommend Primary Concepts as a fabulous tattoo parlor and those who have work done here regularly receive compliments. The owner and artist, Jessica, is known for the color and delicate lines in her pieces. The studio also has three other artists whose work you can view on the website. Primary Concepts also supports local artists, displaying and selling pieces for them in the shop.
Caitlin Gaustad is a freelance writer and a fourth year student pursuing a Managerial Economics major and Spanish minor at the University of California, Davis. You can usually find her with the latest copy of a fashion magazine, which she reads cover-to-cover, admiring the styling and design of each layout. Caitlin is excited to bring you coverage of Davis fashion and trends. Her work can be found at Examiner.com.
Why retain the services of an Albuquerque Personal Injury Legal professional ? First you need to understand precisely what an Albuquerque personal injury lawyer does just before you can understand why you ought to use a personal injury attorney. This particular legal professional helps you contend with compensation claims if are involved in any sort of accident, mostly its public transport accidents.
Here are a couple reasons why you should use a personal injury legal professional. Even if you may have been involved in a car accident you may have virtually no claim to make. The attorney would help you verify this. An insurance business may inform you don?t have an insurance claim but yet you do and you would be none the wiser. With a lawyer?s support you should certainly be able to affirm this detail for sure. Insurance providers typically have several clauses in their insurance claims which you may not fully understand and may make use of them against you to not pay a compensation claim.
There are instances when you may be under-compensated for an accident, reason being, you do not know the compensation due to you. Or the insurance agency is wanting to cut its losses. The amount of money could seem a great deal to you when in reality you are being robbed. Once you receive it, you can?t go back immediately after noticing you were taken for a ride. Well then that would be why you should hire a personal injury attorney.
It is true personal attorney services are pricey. There are actually two ways of dealing with this. You could agree with your legal professional to get paid by the party you?re seeking a claim from. That is, when you have reached a settlement, the other party on top of having to pay you must be the one to pay out your lawyer?s fees. The other situation which is fairly prevalent is the legal professional only gets their wage if you win the case. The legal professional will only take on the case if she / he is sure of a win. By doing this, you kill two birds with one stone; get compensated, and have your lawyer?s fee cleared too.
An additional reason as to why you must work with a personal injury attorney is if you should go to court to get a settlement. Professional lawyers are more acquainted with the in and out of the law which you?ll be really unlikely to understand. In legal court, it unfortunately is not about whom gives the truth, its more about who is able to best fight their case before the judge. You could easily walk out of court empty handed even if you are legally entitled to compensation. And a whole lot worse still, have to pay costs for the legal court case. A personal injury legal representative comes in handy in this affair.
Especially when there are lots of legalities involved, some cases are very complex, and take a while to resolve. You could quickly get lost in this labyrinth. Here?s why you need to utilize a personal injury legal representative for it truly is their day-to-day work and it won?t be a difficulty to them. Get a great legal representative in your community today and get him to assist you .
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Mercedes Benz has announced that its new A-Class range of cars will have a new infotainment system which will be centered on the iPhone 4S and Siri. The new system will be announced and demonstrated at the Geneva Motor Show; which takes place next month.
Ultra-fast outflows help monster black holes shape their galaxiesPublic release date: 27-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Francis Reddy francis.j.reddy@nasa.gov 301-286-4453 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
A curious correlation between the mass of a galaxy's central black hole and the velocity of stars in a vast, roughly spherical structure known as its bulge has puzzled astronomers for years. An international team led by Francesco Tombesi at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., now has identified a new type of black-hole-driven outflow that appears to be both powerful enough and common enough to explain this link.
Most big galaxies contain a central black hole weighing millions of times the sun's mass, but galaxies hosting more massive black holes also possess bulges that contain, on average, faster-moving stars. This link suggested some sort of feedback mechanism between a galaxy's black hole and its star-formation processes. Yet there was no adequate explanation for how a monster black hole's activity, which strongly affects a region several times larger than our solar system, could influence a galaxy's bulge, which encompasses regions roughly a million times larger.
"This was a real conundrum. Everything was pointing to supermassive black holes as somehow driving this connection, but only now are we beginning to understand how they do it," Tombesi said.
Active black holes acquire their power by gradually accreting -- or "feeding" on -- million-degree gas stored in a vast surrounding disk. This hot disk lies within a corona of energetic particles, and while both are strong X-ray sources, this emission cannot account for galaxy-wide properties. Near the inner edge of the disk, a fraction of the matter orbiting a black hole often is redirected into an outward particle jet. Although these jets can hurl matter at half the speed of light, computer simulations show that they remain narrow and deposit most of their energy far beyond the galaxy's star-forming regions.
Astronomers suspected they were missing something. Over the last decade, evidence for a new type of black-hole-driven outflow has emerged. At the centers of some active galaxies, X-ray observations at wavelengths corresponding to those of fluorescent iron show that this radiation is being absorbed. This means that clouds of cooler gas must lie in front of the X-ray source. What's more, these absorbed spectral lines are displaced from their normal positions to shorter wavelengths -- that is, blueshifted, which indicates that the clouds are moving toward us.
In two previously published studies, Tombesi and his colleagues showed that these clouds represented a distinct type of outflow. In the latest study, which appears in the Feb. 27 issue of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the researchers targeted 42 nearby active galaxies using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite to hone in on the location and properties of these so-called "ultra-fast outflows" -- or UFOs, for short. The galaxies, which were selected from the All-Sky Slew Survey Catalog produced by NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite, were all located less than 1.3 billion light-years away.
The outflows turned up in 40 percent of the sample, which suggests that they're common features of black-hole-powered galaxies. On average, the distance between the clouds and the central black hole is less than one-tenth of a light-year. Their average velocity is about 14 percent the speed of light, or about 94 million mph, and the team estimates that the amount of matter required to sustain the outflow is close to one solar mass per year -- comparable to the accretion rate of these black holes.
"Although slower than particle jets, UFOs possess much faster speeds than other types of galactic outflows, which makes them much more powerful," Tombesi explained.
"They have the potential to play a major role in transmitting feedback effects from a black hole into the galaxy at large."
By removing mass that would otherwise fall into a supermassive black hole, ultra-fast outflows may put the brakes on its growth. At the same time, UFOs may strip gas from star-forming regions in the galaxy's bulge, slowing or even shutting down star formation there by sweeping away the gas clouds that represent the raw material for new stars. Such a scenario would naturally explain the observed connection between an active galaxy's black hole and its bulge stars.
Tombesi and his team anticipate significant improvement in understanding the role of ultra-fast outflows with the launch of the Japan-led Astro-H X-ray telescope, currently scheduled for 2014. In the meantime, he intends to focus on determining the detailed physical mechanisms that give rise to UFOs, an important element in understanding the bigger picture of how active galaxies form, develop and grow.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Ultra-fast outflows help monster black holes shape their galaxiesPublic release date: 27-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Francis Reddy francis.j.reddy@nasa.gov 301-286-4453 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
A curious correlation between the mass of a galaxy's central black hole and the velocity of stars in a vast, roughly spherical structure known as its bulge has puzzled astronomers for years. An international team led by Francesco Tombesi at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., now has identified a new type of black-hole-driven outflow that appears to be both powerful enough and common enough to explain this link.
Most big galaxies contain a central black hole weighing millions of times the sun's mass, but galaxies hosting more massive black holes also possess bulges that contain, on average, faster-moving stars. This link suggested some sort of feedback mechanism between a galaxy's black hole and its star-formation processes. Yet there was no adequate explanation for how a monster black hole's activity, which strongly affects a region several times larger than our solar system, could influence a galaxy's bulge, which encompasses regions roughly a million times larger.
"This was a real conundrum. Everything was pointing to supermassive black holes as somehow driving this connection, but only now are we beginning to understand how they do it," Tombesi said.
Active black holes acquire their power by gradually accreting -- or "feeding" on -- million-degree gas stored in a vast surrounding disk. This hot disk lies within a corona of energetic particles, and while both are strong X-ray sources, this emission cannot account for galaxy-wide properties. Near the inner edge of the disk, a fraction of the matter orbiting a black hole often is redirected into an outward particle jet. Although these jets can hurl matter at half the speed of light, computer simulations show that they remain narrow and deposit most of their energy far beyond the galaxy's star-forming regions.
Astronomers suspected they were missing something. Over the last decade, evidence for a new type of black-hole-driven outflow has emerged. At the centers of some active galaxies, X-ray observations at wavelengths corresponding to those of fluorescent iron show that this radiation is being absorbed. This means that clouds of cooler gas must lie in front of the X-ray source. What's more, these absorbed spectral lines are displaced from their normal positions to shorter wavelengths -- that is, blueshifted, which indicates that the clouds are moving toward us.
In two previously published studies, Tombesi and his colleagues showed that these clouds represented a distinct type of outflow. In the latest study, which appears in the Feb. 27 issue of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the researchers targeted 42 nearby active galaxies using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite to hone in on the location and properties of these so-called "ultra-fast outflows" -- or UFOs, for short. The galaxies, which were selected from the All-Sky Slew Survey Catalog produced by NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite, were all located less than 1.3 billion light-years away.
The outflows turned up in 40 percent of the sample, which suggests that they're common features of black-hole-powered galaxies. On average, the distance between the clouds and the central black hole is less than one-tenth of a light-year. Their average velocity is about 14 percent the speed of light, or about 94 million mph, and the team estimates that the amount of matter required to sustain the outflow is close to one solar mass per year -- comparable to the accretion rate of these black holes.
"Although slower than particle jets, UFOs possess much faster speeds than other types of galactic outflows, which makes them much more powerful," Tombesi explained.
"They have the potential to play a major role in transmitting feedback effects from a black hole into the galaxy at large."
By removing mass that would otherwise fall into a supermassive black hole, ultra-fast outflows may put the brakes on its growth. At the same time, UFOs may strip gas from star-forming regions in the galaxy's bulge, slowing or even shutting down star formation there by sweeping away the gas clouds that represent the raw material for new stars. Such a scenario would naturally explain the observed connection between an active galaxy's black hole and its bulge stars.
Tombesi and his team anticipate significant improvement in understanding the role of ultra-fast outflows with the launch of the Japan-led Astro-H X-ray telescope, currently scheduled for 2014. In the meantime, he intends to focus on determining the detailed physical mechanisms that give rise to UFOs, an important element in understanding the bigger picture of how active galaxies form, develop and grow.
###
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Computer chipmaker Elpida Memory Inc. filed for Japan's largest manufacturing bankruptcy Monday after amassing debts from nose-diving prices, competition from Samsung and flooding in Thailand last year that stifled demand.
New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use
There is nothing in the world like the human body. It can perform some incredible athletic feats and heal itself when hurt or invaded by foreign bodies. However, in order to function at its peak performance, you must fuel it with the necessary nutrition it needs. Read the following article in order to learn how to make good choices that support proper nutrition.
Drink milk with less fat. Low-fat and skim milk have as many or more vitamins than whole milk, but they contain less fat and calories. Switching to a milk with a lower fat content is an easy substitution and you will get all the proper nutrients your body needs to feel great and healthy.
You must be able to tell when your body is full. Younger people eat quicker and burn calories quicker, but older people are not as active, which causes them to burn calories slower. Chewing food slowly and paying attention to bodyily signals can keep you from over-eating.
Exercise caution when taking in large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. While the body is able to excrete excess quantities of water-soluble vitamins, such as B complex or vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D and E, are often retained and can be toxic at high doses. Even with vitamins, you can have too much of a good thing, so only take high doses with your doctor?s approval.
Avoid starting your day with high calorie, sugar-laden baked goods. Instead, opt for healthy alternatives such as hot cereal, whole grain toast or fruit. Choosing healthy foods for breakfast sets the tone for your whole day, helping you to stay alert and focused.
When you prefer not to put too much thought into your nutrition yet still desire to eat a balanced diet just concentrate on eating a rainbow of different foods. In other words, you should make sure you are consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables that have a lot of different colors to them. Look for rich colors like reds, greens, and oranges in beets, broccoli and carrots; these are packed with vitamins and nutrients. If you can do this, you are well on your way to good nutrition.
Try to eat some type of healthy food every three hours to achieve a good balanced diet. Try to eat lots of small meals. Doing so gives you a consistent level of energy you can use for all the activities you enjoy. Nutritional health will help keep your body in top shape.
Not all fruit is created equal. For instance, bananas have a lot of starch but very few vitamins. A banana does not give you all the vitamins you need, so you will need to partake in many other fruits as well.
Kids are notorious for not wanting to eat their vegetables. There are plenty of tricks to get your kid eating healthier foods. Offer colorful new veggies combined with reduced-fat dips and seasonings. Have your child accompany you to the grocery store, and allow him or her to select a veggie for your dinner menu. If your kids can?t get enough sandwiches, up the nutritional value by adding in lettuce, tomatoes, and other veggies.
Not too complicated, right? There is a lot of information about nutrition. Taking the first step into a diet program can begin by adopting some of the simplest of dieting tips. Hopefully, these tips have done that for you.
Ron Stucky is a known writer, One of the major achievement of his success is through blogging. Blogs on different topics like health, nutrition, supplements etc . Checkout his article on MLM Lead System Pro review and Ambit
When there are many agencies available to choose from it is vital that you select one which has a good reputation. Choosing the right company will assure you are prosperous in finding the best job that suits you and also your lifestyle.
Job-seekers nearing these consultancies may go through a careful screening course of action. Most times, they may provide the full resumes with their own employment history as well as relevant references. Some agencies hire in-house methods similar to face-to-face interviews that may or may well not include the handy testing of your candidates? computer, keying, research and/or literacy skills by means of standardized testing software.
Above all it is the Comprehensive resume that is going to meet your needs, as your Comprehensive resume clearly demonstrates your individuality. Therefore, it is critical to have a qualified CV that is nothing but the ideal. You can also get a CV created from specialists or will make use of Comprehensive resume templates available on the web. CV-Service.org is just one online reference that can help you actually create best of CV?s. The site offers equally and tailored CV services from Comprehensive resume writing specialist Mike Kelley. Chris Kelley has been composing CVs for countless years now (seeing that 198. With his specialist writing skills she has helped lots of hundreds of job searchers. With a good Comprehensive resume in hand you will be able to begin a promising career. Additional details be sure to browse through
Third, it?s important to cooperate with a recruiter. There are thousands of new graduate students each year plus they?re all researching ways to distinguish ourselves. If you be present at an initial meeting with the recruiter, don?t forget to sell on your own! Don?t lie as well as embellish your skills, but don?t action humble. Allowed the recruiter know what you?re capable of just for them to match you actually up with a good job Executive Search Firm .
After having finished the above tips you can narrow your search the people. Make the quick listed men and women take some exam or possess a second meeting to see having an edge across the others. Last but not least, call the person most able for the job as well as sign a work agreement utilizing him/her. The chances of employing the wrong employee, for those who have followed many of the rules previously stated, are negligible Executive Search Firm .
Now, you should have few people that will join once listening to your own recruiting tool. Most will never. They?ll prefer some more data or own questions. That is certainly fine, due to the fact you?re going to plan a follow up with all of them when you hand them over the signing up tool. Don?t wait to start this, schedule a precious time right then and there. Whether it?s the next day as well as next week, have a commitment from them to talk as well as meet once again. Once you have in which commitment, you?re one step better bringing all of them into your mlm business Executive Search Firm .
An important home business goal for almost any company is to recruit highly competent management for crucial leadership positions. Headhunting, as it is informally referred to as, is not easy due to the fact any problems made in picking a candidates could very well ruin yourrrre able to send reputation as well as stagnate home business growth. Furthermore, conducting pursuit of candidates that perfectly suit the job needs takes a great deal of time, energy and can create worry for employers. A lot of employers choose to engage the services of executive recruitment suppliers in order to hire candidates that best suit the job calls for, qualifications along with requirements since specified by the client suppliers.
This entry was posted on Saturday, February 25th, 2012 at 1:56 pm by Ramon and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.
Jenni "JWoWW" Farley (L) and Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi arrive on the red carpet at the MTV Europe Music Awards in Belfast, North Ireland on November 6, 2011. UPI/David Silpa?
Published: Feb. 24, 2012 at 8:34 PM
NEWARK, N.J., Feb. 24 (UPI) -- Newark, N.J., Mayor Cory Booker says he has denied a permit for a "Jersey Shore" spinoff to tape in his city.
The reality TV program is to star hard-partying "Jersey Shore" regulars Snooki and J-Woww. The show's producers previously attempted to secure a permit for the spinoff in Hoboken, but city officials refused that request as well.
"While we appreciate your desire to film and capture the essence of our great city, we are confident that the filming of this show will most certainly attract a high level of local and national attention and notoriety," the New York Daily News said Booker wrote in a letter to 495 Productions, which produces the shows for MTV.
The mayor said the production could strain Newark's emergency services because they would probably need to respond to incidents involving the reality TV stars.
The Daily News said Booker has already called Snooki on her bad behavior once, responding to a 2010 Twitter message she posted in which she groused about being stuck in Newark traffic.
"Snooki!" Booker tweeted in response. "I'm the mayor where RU so I can give u a ticket 4 texting & driving we needs revenue!"
While some scenes for the as-yet-unnamed show have been taped in Jersey City, it is unclear where else in the Garden State the series might be shot.
Gone might possibly be the days when children played with regards to in parks with the summer. There are lots of websites featuring many games, and each individual website offer games that might only be available on that website. Here is a directory of the best games online that you could play totally free to you actually:.
The over the internet gaming community is largely comprised of online games hry programmers, makers, and developers seeking to have exposure and be an aid to push this gaming field forward. On top of that, many belonging to the games you will find are having to do with amateur sport designers that put together an extraordinary idea and desired to begin expanding on. JokerGamei is certainly one of an performance that can let a lot of players participate simultaneously, while online games having this kind of feature can be bought in other styles online also.
If you happen to equate world-wide-web gaming in order to similar pursuits like television experiencing, the assessment is missing. Addition, subtraction together with basic multiplication could seem like basic things, especially kids, each individual new proficiency is uncharted location. Besides are cooking food games highly challenging, interactive, together with stimulating, but they are actually enable broaden your idea of cooking various dishes. That are probably the reasons why a lot of experts alert people towards spending too much effort while you?re watching small computer screen. It is definitely activity this really is primarily unaggressive in characteristics. World with Warcraft redefined the complete MMORPG category because there does exist simply a whole lot to carry out in Warcraft that you can certainly use this kind of game in the form of getaway with reality. The Logitech might be arguably the most beneficial model with keyboards pertaining to gaming. The Logitech G110 specially is best model belonging to the Logitech brand name.
RPG online games are evolving always and they are generally becoming world of warcraft hottest video gaming genres if you are to throw themselves in via the internet.
Insisted quiet associate manager Tracie Calhoun, ?Before this advent of flash games, many people needed to spend a lot of money in order fun throughout their free period.? He are probably the flagship characters belonging to the Marvel universe that?s been around for nearly fifty many.
It therefore is a good idea to increase the volume of free flash games which can be found. They have fun with the simulation proposed by these flash games and the majority of the times buy their friends needed to use the unlimited wide variety of players they are enjoy rivalling with on the internet. Some like photographing, some men and women like illusion, whilst many are keen on arcade online games. Be them skateboarding, auto racing, or an activity, every game can be bought by innumerable developers as a result even some of the most feature-hungry kids are not possible to miss an attribute they enjoy on the consoles. Another important basis for the improving popularity of flash games is that they may be played lacking paying virtually any fees or simply charges. Two belonging to the more favorite series are generally Marvel as contrasted with.
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Exfoliation used for removing dead skin cells. However, don?t exfoliate too hard. Your dry skin care procedures/products should also take care of sun protection therefore, try to avoid your direct exposure to the sun by using an umbrella/hat etc. Use a good sunscreen lotion before going out.
Use a very mild cleanser and preferably clean your skin once a day in the evening. In the morning you can just splash with cool water. Do not use tap water as it may contain chloride and be drying for your skin, use filtered or mineral water. It is recommended that you do not use a toner as it will dry your skin more. But if you do prefer to use a toner ? choose a moisturizing toner with no alcohol added.
Don?t cease reading this article. You?ll find them to be helpful whether or not you?re focused on realizing more about common skin care or more particular topics like Herpeset for Genital Herpes. After studying this postarticle, you simply may be shocked by how much you learn. Youthful, glowing pores and skin may be in your future after implementing simply one of many ideas listed here.
Not enough zinc, caused by a diet high in refined carbohydrates may be the chief cause of acne. Zinc is necessary for processing carbohydrates, but it is removed when cane is refined into white sugar, and wheat is refined into white flour. Eat more foods rich in zinc, including soybeans, whole grains, sunflower seeds, and a small amount of raw nuts daily. Zinc also has antibacterial activity, and is a necessary element in the oil-producing glands of the skin.
Many products protect your skin against UVB rays only. You should look for ingredients that protect against UVA as well. These are avobenzone, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and mexoryl. Many women use foundations and compact powders with SPF 15 to protect their skin. This may not be enough, because it is a very thin layer. They need to use a sunscreen as a base and apply the powder on top of it for adequate protection.
Prevention of sun damage is key in protecting our skin from further harm even after we have skin rejuvenation therapies. Sun avoidance is one way to prevent sun damage; however this can be difficult, especially for people who work in the sun. The best way to prevent sun damage is to wear sunscreen. Be sure that the sunscreen you buy contains both UVA and UVB protection in it as sunlight has both.
Besides using the exact product for your type of scar, you also need to use it properly. Most people don?t know about this, but there are small but vital diet adjustments one should take on while healing scars. By enhancing your body?s regenerative abilities, you?ll make sure your scar tissue heals faster and gets replaced with regular tissue on a shorter time span.
There are several skin care substances found in nature. Among these the oil and plant extracts used in natural skin care products are olive oil, Aloe Vera, oatmeal, avocado, almond oil, coconut oil, collagen, sheer butter and honey. All these natural ingredients work well to reduce wrinkles, dead skin parts, moisturizing, eliminating dark circles and many more.
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What is Self Hypnosis? Self hypnosis is a kind of hypnosis that is self induced. It?s a heightened approach where of concentration and focus. A person who elects to interact in self hypnosis will not need the help of anyone else simply the willingness and skill to follow suggestion. To obtain the altered state associated with self hypnosis a personal only wants a quit and peaceful play to have interaction in self hypnosis. A self hypnosis routine is followed that enables a private to totally relax and focus. The two main things that has to be accomplished are achieving a complete state of relaxation and to focus on the goal you?re striving to achieve. How Does Self Hypnosis Program Work? This could sound very easy and on paper it is but several struggle to do this and thus ask for the assistance with self hypnosis programs. Several self hypnosis programs can use such tools as pre-recorded audio or media. These recordings guide you with easy directions on how to totally relax. For a few this in the only way they can achieve self hypnosis as they?re ready to concentrate and follow the guiding voice more simply than visualizing and repeating on their own. Self hypnosis is sometimes performed to get some type of self improvement. One in all the most widespread types of self improvement is weight loss. Self hypnosis programs have not only become popular by are thought of a good technique of weight loss. Many self hypnosis weight loss programs will embody some kind of audio that gives a comfy voice that acts sort of a tour guide. This voice can facilitate your obtain that required level of relaxation by suggesting your photos certain images and sounds. Once you?re at the relaxed state then the audio can tell you the essence of correct eating habits, goals and alternative type of self encouragement and success. You?re reprogramming your subconscious mind for higher health and weight loss. Is Self Hypnosis Safe? Self hypnosis is very safe and healthy. By following the program and participating in the relief strategies you relieve unwanted stress and tension from the body. With self hypnosis not solely do you raise you level of self awareness but your confidence as well. Why Does Self Hypnosis Work? Most programs encourage visualization of 1?s goal that makes weight loss more obtainable. As an example, once you are within the hypnotic and relaxed state of mind you may be asked to image yourself at the required body weight. You are doing this for many minutes absorbing every detail of your body simply the method you wish it to look. Over a period of your time this image isn?t part of your subconscious mind and not solely does it become obtainable but greatly expected. You are currently winner the battle on the hardest half of weight loss which is believing that you?ll succeed. To realize weight loss you must mentally believe that you will meet your goal first, and then you can physically get the results you desire.
Freelance Writers has been writing articles online for nearly 2 years now. Not only does this author specialize in Self Hypnosis, you can also check out his latest website about: San Diego Contractors Which reviews and lists the best San Diego Plumbing
Comedian and actor David Cross isn't afraid of addressing issues head-on when asked, whether it's his (terrible) experiences working on a particular movie project, his?criticisms on religion?or rumors of his drug use. And in a Q&A with Playboy, Cross was rather honest on the subject of illegal substances.
When asked about rumors that he had done cocaine at the 2009 White House Correspondents' Dinner, the actor confessed his deed. "It was probably more like 65 feet (from President Obama)" the actor admitted. "It was literally the size of, I don't know, a tick. It was a tiny granule of coke that I put on my wrist and said, 'Watch this. I need a witness.' "
Cross went on to tell the magazine that he wasn't proud or ashamed of his actions, "it was just about being able to say that I did it, that I did cocaine in the same room as the president."
But there were consequences. The actor said that thanks to him, his girlfriend Amber Tamblyn won't ever be invited again. "I was her date, her plus-one ... she didn't know I was going to do it," he admitted.
Three Auction companies unite to announce Property for sale in Tennessee and offer a unique opportunity to purchase land in an area desired as one of America?s great places to live and retire. Real Estate Auction includes multiple properties in Tellico Plains, Monroe County and Decatur, Meigs County both located in East Tennessee. Properties for Sale in Tennessees Eastern quadrant are all located within the Appalachian Mountains, both areas are among greatest places to live with scenic views and vibrant seasonal changes. Real Estate will be sold at Auction Off-Site at the Springbrook Country Club at 123 Country Club Drive, Niota, TN on Saturday, November 12th at 10:00AM.
Details of Tellico Plains Property for Sale in Tennessee on November 12th:
88+/- Acres Vacant Land will be sold at Real Estate Auction offered divided and as a whole; inclusive of three tracts divided ranging from 28-33+/- Acres each. Video of Monroe County Land located on Dry Creek Road, Tellico Plains, Monroe County. Real Estate is great location approximately 45 miles southwest of Knoxville and only 110 miles north of Atlanta. Easily accessed from the Cherohala Skyway, a National Scenic Byway. This property for Sale in Tennessee is close to Cherokee National Forest, Smoky Mountains National Park and dozens of other smaller recreational areas.
Details of Meigs County Property for Sale in Tennessee on November 12th:
440+/- Acres of Timberland with Mountain Views and commercial zoning is located on N Nopone Road, Decatur, Tennessee in Meigs County. Real Estate will be sold at auction and is available for purchase as a whole or divided in tracts from 5 140 Acres. Multi-purpose land with timber and recreational usage zoned, residential & commercial. Great real estate investment opportunity to buy property for sale in TN. Land is located off of State Hwy 30 and a short drive to the Interstate. Watch a video of the 440+/-Acres Meigs County Property for Sale in TN.
Videos of these East Tennessee Properties for Sale at Auction photo galleries, area information and additional details specific to this auction can be found at the Dedicated Auction website LandAuction411.com. Visit our real estate website to sign up for auction updates. We welcome Realtors & Brokers, please contact us for details and instructions.
Property for Sale in TN is offered by United Country Auction Services and Affiliates in Cooperation with James A Graves # 6614 http://www.MiddleTennesseeRealtyandAuction.com/ Middle Tennessee Realty and Auction LLC TAF 5576 10% Buyers Premium (931) 796-3505 / 855-LANDBANK (855-526-3226), Mike Walker # 2361, http://www.MikeWalkerAuctions.com/ TAF# 5591 will be calling the bids; Referred by United Country Talking Rock Realty and Auction, United Country Certified Real Estate.
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Tags: East Tennessee, Property for Sale, Properties for Sale, Tellico Plains, property, East Tennessee Properties for Sale, Auction companies
Cyber law in education is an issue that is ripe for scholarly research and analysis. The importance of this topic is growing exponentially with the meteoric rise in social networking and other online forums which are becoming a primary source of interaction among school aged students. One result of these ?virtual? relationships is a blurring of the lines of jurisdiction for disciplinary responsibility. At what point do a student?s actions fall outside of the authority of his or her school? When the student uses school equipment on school grounds the analysis is very clear, but case law has created a continuum that defies any objective definition of where that jurisdiction ends. Similarly, at what point does a teacher or administrator?s actions leave the authority of their employer and become protected by their right to privacy? The question of jurisdiction must be addressed before meaningful processes can be implemented to counteract the damage that online actions can have on the school system.The harms that are caused at the hands of students through cyber actions include marring the reputation of teachers and administrators, harassing other students and threatening the security of testing and other educational information. Similarly, educators often cause harm through their own cyber actions by using online forums in an inappropriate manner to the detriment of their school or district. These actions may compromise the safety and morals of their students and affect the integrity of the educational system itself. Yet any restriction on these actions runs the risk of violating constitutional rights of free speech and privacy. Needless to say, there is a careful and ever-evolving balancing process that needs to be maintained in this area of law. And the decisions of our courts and enactments of our legislatures must be monitored and influenced by educators and education law experts.The bullying laws that are springing up in local legislatures provide an excellent example of the issues at stake in this field. There is an important responsibility for governments to protect children from this new form of harassment. At the same time, however, in addition to the inevitable first amendment challenges, educators need to have a voice as to the practical limits on building level school personnel in implementing these new laws. These issues present a fascinating intersection of legal issues that will only become more relevant and topical in the decades to come. Research and analysis will be important in normalizing policy in the field. Ultimately statutory enactments and case decisions will provide the law on these subjects. However, these statutes and decisions are by no means immutable. Like any other area of law, they evolve and change over time. And these shifting principles are all the more prevalent in a field of law that is in its infancy such as this one. There are no long-standing seminal court decisions on the topic, nor is there any conventional wisdom with respect to a proper statutory framework. Therefore, in this field more than any other that I can think of within education law, there is a need for scholarly research and publication to help organize and shape the developing legal trends.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]Reuters - President Barack Obama's re-election campaign regularly rips Republican presidential frontrunner Mitt Romney for his economic policies. On Tuesday, it added former Senator Rick Santorum to its list of top targets.
Shen Yun Performing Arts brings to life classical Chinese dance and music in a colorful show complete with choreography, costumes, dancing, and a live orchestra. The original score uses stories inspired from the ancient traditions of Buddhist and Taoist culture, on to modern-day Chinese struggles.
While you happen to be learning in order to cook or you happen to be experimenting with the help of new recipes you can take, you will seek there are some which include beer just as one ingredient. Do you care about strawberries and would choose to experiment with the help of rhubarb? In that case, you might just love the following delicious cobbler recipe that anyone can make aware of your very own crockpot.
Should you use a baking method including grilling and / or pan baking, it cheap slow cookers to overcook ones own bird still slow cooking will make it easier considering that the chicken has lots of seconds around being ?cooked? and even being ?overcooked. Potatoes are generally so frequent place we often stick using what we?ve matured with and / or know most effective, basic mashed and / or french toast.
The crock?s capacity is definitely an issue considering that recipes are generally specific in order to each of bud. In several other words, it really is difficult to help make changes towards a recipe if you are pot might be larger and / or smaller. Also, the capacity of this crock bud governs the way may people are usually fed from them. Slow cookers are energy, charge and precious time efficient. They don?t heat the kitchen on the summer time and in addition they the solely pot which should be cleaned as soon as meal is accomplished. Whenever you happen to be cooking a new crockpot chicken guantee that the heating system level goes at the least up in order to 170 college diplomas, as at this moment, any unwanted organisms that there has to be in this meat would be killed additionally, the dish would be safe so that you can eat.
?You incorporate the use of these healthier crockpot chook recipes in order to please ones own guests but still have plenty of time to get all of the preparations on hand!,? level best-selling writer Oliver Owens related. The identical applies with the help of other recipes not sure set up end flavor shall be too effective. A crock pot is good for keeping membertails hot that is a real timesaver as it means a sensational scene to type in the kitchen whenever somebody likes a incredibly hot drink. Another factor will be the color and / or style. The equipment remembers the nation?s settings and even returns with them if the capability interruption might be 2 a few seconds or a smaller amount. In this we can look within a good old-fashioned crock bud chili food with gound beef! this meal are usually made with the help of any meat you want, and could be made vegetarian style if you would like. It might be versatile and even delicious! Take pleasure in! Do there is a crock pot inside of a closet and / or kitchen wooden box someplace in the house? Are which you throwback on the 70?S? We are! But the things the sup! When was the third time which you used it to completely cook an item?. When trying to find the best healthier slow heater recipes, it usually is helpful to hold the next hints at heart when baking.
AP - Authorities in a province in southern Russia are trying to save hundreds of endangered Dalmatian pelicans starving in the Caspian Sea after it froze for the first time in years.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - South African-born opera singer Elizabeth Connell, who won global acclaim in roles by Wagner, Strauss, Beethoven and others, has died. She was 65.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - South African-born opera singer Elizabeth Connell, who won global acclaim in roles by Wagner, Strauss, Beethoven and others, has died. She was 65.
New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use
The outstanding services by Philadelphia chiropractor has realized many people improve their health. The treatment of diseases and disorders emanating from the spine can be checked and treated at better prices. The several causes that lead to this are accidents avoiding exercise and poor nutrition, which interferes with the normal working of the body.
The patients history is also important for the expert. This is to determine the method of treatment, for different diseases call for different remedies. The methods available include, spine therapy and decompression, massaging the tissues affected, gonstead, myofascial release, exercising and stretching for the patient, and acupressure.
When well applied in accordance to the right directive the patient will be treated and healed in good time. The diseases and health complications that can be tackled are balance disorders, sporting injuries, internal disorders, fibromyalgia, restlessness, and neurological difficulties.
Pain has been healed and body movement normalized after attending this form of healing, this has been established by scientific research. Subsequent research is being done by reputable scholars to evaluate the outcome of this technique on muscular skeletal. The effects of using the aid of these experts are mild and the method is encouraged as it is verified. It is advisable for mothers who are pregnant to attend sessions.
It is important to consult your expert of choice as soon as warning signs appear. He is usually in the best position evaluate vertebral subluxation. This is usually the main cause of lack of coordination between the body and mind. Typically occurring when nerves are interfered.
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With recession, nearly every organization has struggled. If you are intending to start up a new organization of your personal, things can be quite unsafe. Nearly all of the organization requires you to commit an excellent funds, and also then you don?t know if it will be effective. However, there are opportunities in which you don?t need to invest too much, yet you?ll get rewarding. Amongst the very best choice you?ve got is that of a lawn care business. Because folks are extremely busy in their daily lives they do not locate sufficient time to take care of their lawns. They need professional help with the aim, and this is what will make your organization effective.
In the early stages of your respective lawn care business you need not commit too much. Start with offering fundamental yard care services. For the purpose you?ll merely require a few equipment, that won?t you too much. Once you?ve a robust customer base, and have earned adequate profit, you can offer more services. Get yourself more advanced equipment, and employ more folks for the job. It will not be a long time before you see your organization thriving, more than you might have actually imagined. Begin with your yard care organization nowadays, and start earning sure income.
EMT is a great opportunity, in specific for those searching for a job modify. He?s an authorized expert who provides immediate medical care before the sufferers can reach the hospital. Because he will be the first to provide help to the sufferer, it is very important that he be thorough with his task and responsibilities. If you want to turn out to be an EMT, you need to initially go through an EMT training. After you have successfully finished your education, you can expect to be utilized at hospitals, ambulance providers and police divisions. The education is very important as it helps you know how you need to react in desperate situations, and what type of first-aid should be furnished in different circumstances.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]The need of hiring bankruptcy attorney Los Angeles is gradually increasing today because of the current worldwide economic crisis. If you find yourself in.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]Reuters - Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah denied Israeli accusations on Thursday that his group was behind bombers who attacked Israeli missions in India and Georgia this week.
AgriLife research study shows temperatures may change disease resistance in wheatPublic release date: 16-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Dr. Charlie Rush crush@ag.tamu.edu 806-354-5804 Texas A&M AgriLife Communications
AMARILLO Wheat streak mosaic resistance bred into several wheat varieties might be negated by the producer practice in the High Plains of planting wheat early and using it for both winter forage for cattle and grain, according to a Texas AgriLife Research scientist.
Dr. Charlie Rush, AgriLife Research plant pathologist in Amarillo, began a study in December that he "started out of necessity" after working for several years on the wheat streak mosaic virus.
While several varieties of wheat, such as Mace and Ron L, have resistance to the virus bred into them, there has been a problem with that genetic resistance breaking down in temperatures above 75 degrees, Rush said.
"That is terrible for those who plant in the Texas Panhandle for dual purpose," he said. "The wheat is planted early when temperatures are very high and it's too hot for genetic resistance to be effective. In our study, we want to see if the plant is able to grow out of it once temperatures cool down to where the genetic resistance should be effective.
"It's really important to understand how the germplasm responds to the natural temperature fluctuations during the growing season," Rush said. "Since we know most of the farmers in this area plant when it is too hot for the resistance, we need to know what happens once the temperatures cool down."
Jacob Price, a research associate on Rush's team, is running diagnostics for the virus and quantifying the infection of the plants. He is also looking at the virus quantity in the wheat curl mites, which are the vector of the disease, to see if that is altered among the varieties.
Wheat streak mosaic virus is the most prevalent disease in the southwestern wheat producing region of the U.S., Price said. Early diagnostics have shown that wheat curl mites have the potential to build high populations very quickly. When populations explode, wheat streak can spread to epidemic proportions in a short time, causing devastating losses throughout the wheat growing region.
Understanding how the temperatures affect this process is important, Rush said.
"If you have a lower number of mites, and a lower number of those are carrying the wheat streak virus, it will reduce the incidence of disease and reduce the potential for development of an epidemic," he said.
Price said so far it looks like when the wheat plants, regardless of variety, become infected early with high mite and virus populations, it is difficult or even impossible for the plants to recover before they go into winter dormancy.
However, Rush said in the first replication of side-by-side comparisons of Mace, Ron L, TAM 112, TAM 111 and Karl 92, they have seen interesting results.
"We think that TAM 112 is exhibiting some tolerance to the vector," he said. "If this holds up these are preliminary results and must be repeated but the thing that is so exciting about this is if you have the resistance to the mite, then you don't have to worry about the virus building up."
In his greenhouse study, Rush said the plants are exposed to 20 mites per pot at the same time and grown under the same environmental conditions. As they have grown out, TAM 112 exhibits healthy leaves while pots beside it planted to other varieties have twisted leaves and the typical streaking and striping associated with wheat streak mosaic virus.
Mace has a specific gene for resistance to wheat streak, wsm1, and Ron L has a different gene, wsm2. The Karl 92 is planted as a check variety as it has no known resistance, and TAM 111 and TAM 112 were added to the study to see how they performed because they are regionally adapted, he said.
Angela Simmons, a new graduate student in Rush's program, is in the process of washing the mites from three tillers per pot and then counting them under a dissecting scope. The number of mites for Mace and Ron L are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000 and the number of mites for TAM 112 is in the range of 100 to 200, "so there is a tremendous difference in the mite population showing up, he said.
The leaves of TAM 112 have essentially no curling resulting from the mites and look almost normal, he said, but there are some symptoms of wheat streak exhibited indicating it has been infected by the virus.
"If you think about an entire field of this, with a field next door of a susceptible lines where you have massive numbers of mites, it can make a very real difference," Rush said. "If they blow into your TAM 112 field and the mites aren't building up to as high of a population, the virus isn't building up, so as they move across the field, the number of mites gets less and less.
"Overall, you may have some infection, but you will end up having a much healthier wheat field resulting in better yield and quality than if you had a cultivar with a specific resistance gene to wheat streak but it was planted in late August or early September when the temperatures are too high for the resistance to be effective," he said.
That's what this whole study is about, Rush said, trying to look at how the temperature fluctuations that the crop goes through in the Panhandle at this time of the year are going to affect overall disease development.
"We are tremendously optimistic about what we've seen so far, but we know biological systems, by their very nature, are prone to change and that is why it is so important to go back and repeat the study and see if we get similar results in a repeated study," Rush said. "That will give us confidence that what we are seeing is indeed a response of that particular cultivar."
Following the second round of the study, Rush will work with other AgriLife Research scientists to try to determine the genetic reason TAM 112 has tolerance to the vector or mite.
"If we were able to identify the actual gene, or genes, responsible for mite resistance, it would be a huge advance to our overall wheat program because cultivars with these genes would have reduced susceptibility to all mite-vectored virus diseases and not just wheat streak mosaic virus," he said.
"This resistance, combined with the observed drought tolerance of TAM 112, would result in an exceptionally valuable combination for much of the southwestern Great Plains," Rush said.
He said further research might determine that these wheat varieties with the wheat streak mosaic resistance trait may be more effective in northern states where wheat is planted later when it is cooler.
"We've established a collaboration with researchers in Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Montana to do a regional study on wheat streak and monitor the differences of certain cultivars in general," Rush said.
Knowing that, he said, they hope to determine why the differences are occurring and develop a disease forecasting risk assessment model for diseases vectored by the mite, including wheat streak mosaic, High Plains disease and triticum mosaic virus.
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AgriLife research study shows temperatures may change disease resistance in wheatPublic release date: 16-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Dr. Charlie Rush crush@ag.tamu.edu 806-354-5804 Texas A&M AgriLife Communications
AMARILLO Wheat streak mosaic resistance bred into several wheat varieties might be negated by the producer practice in the High Plains of planting wheat early and using it for both winter forage for cattle and grain, according to a Texas AgriLife Research scientist.
Dr. Charlie Rush, AgriLife Research plant pathologist in Amarillo, began a study in December that he "started out of necessity" after working for several years on the wheat streak mosaic virus.
While several varieties of wheat, such as Mace and Ron L, have resistance to the virus bred into them, there has been a problem with that genetic resistance breaking down in temperatures above 75 degrees, Rush said.
"That is terrible for those who plant in the Texas Panhandle for dual purpose," he said. "The wheat is planted early when temperatures are very high and it's too hot for genetic resistance to be effective. In our study, we want to see if the plant is able to grow out of it once temperatures cool down to where the genetic resistance should be effective.
"It's really important to understand how the germplasm responds to the natural temperature fluctuations during the growing season," Rush said. "Since we know most of the farmers in this area plant when it is too hot for the resistance, we need to know what happens once the temperatures cool down."
Jacob Price, a research associate on Rush's team, is running diagnostics for the virus and quantifying the infection of the plants. He is also looking at the virus quantity in the wheat curl mites, which are the vector of the disease, to see if that is altered among the varieties.
Wheat streak mosaic virus is the most prevalent disease in the southwestern wheat producing region of the U.S., Price said. Early diagnostics have shown that wheat curl mites have the potential to build high populations very quickly. When populations explode, wheat streak can spread to epidemic proportions in a short time, causing devastating losses throughout the wheat growing region.
Understanding how the temperatures affect this process is important, Rush said.
"If you have a lower number of mites, and a lower number of those are carrying the wheat streak virus, it will reduce the incidence of disease and reduce the potential for development of an epidemic," he said.
Price said so far it looks like when the wheat plants, regardless of variety, become infected early with high mite and virus populations, it is difficult or even impossible for the plants to recover before they go into winter dormancy.
However, Rush said in the first replication of side-by-side comparisons of Mace, Ron L, TAM 112, TAM 111 and Karl 92, they have seen interesting results.
"We think that TAM 112 is exhibiting some tolerance to the vector," he said. "If this holds up these are preliminary results and must be repeated but the thing that is so exciting about this is if you have the resistance to the mite, then you don't have to worry about the virus building up."
In his greenhouse study, Rush said the plants are exposed to 20 mites per pot at the same time and grown under the same environmental conditions. As they have grown out, TAM 112 exhibits healthy leaves while pots beside it planted to other varieties have twisted leaves and the typical streaking and striping associated with wheat streak mosaic virus.
Mace has a specific gene for resistance to wheat streak, wsm1, and Ron L has a different gene, wsm2. The Karl 92 is planted as a check variety as it has no known resistance, and TAM 111 and TAM 112 were added to the study to see how they performed because they are regionally adapted, he said.
Angela Simmons, a new graduate student in Rush's program, is in the process of washing the mites from three tillers per pot and then counting them under a dissecting scope. The number of mites for Mace and Ron L are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000 and the number of mites for TAM 112 is in the range of 100 to 200, "so there is a tremendous difference in the mite population showing up, he said.
The leaves of TAM 112 have essentially no curling resulting from the mites and look almost normal, he said, but there are some symptoms of wheat streak exhibited indicating it has been infected by the virus.
"If you think about an entire field of this, with a field next door of a susceptible lines where you have massive numbers of mites, it can make a very real difference," Rush said. "If they blow into your TAM 112 field and the mites aren't building up to as high of a population, the virus isn't building up, so as they move across the field, the number of mites gets less and less.
"Overall, you may have some infection, but you will end up having a much healthier wheat field resulting in better yield and quality than if you had a cultivar with a specific resistance gene to wheat streak but it was planted in late August or early September when the temperatures are too high for the resistance to be effective," he said.
That's what this whole study is about, Rush said, trying to look at how the temperature fluctuations that the crop goes through in the Panhandle at this time of the year are going to affect overall disease development.
"We are tremendously optimistic about what we've seen so far, but we know biological systems, by their very nature, are prone to change and that is why it is so important to go back and repeat the study and see if we get similar results in a repeated study," Rush said. "That will give us confidence that what we are seeing is indeed a response of that particular cultivar."
Following the second round of the study, Rush will work with other AgriLife Research scientists to try to determine the genetic reason TAM 112 has tolerance to the vector or mite.
"If we were able to identify the actual gene, or genes, responsible for mite resistance, it would be a huge advance to our overall wheat program because cultivars with these genes would have reduced susceptibility to all mite-vectored virus diseases and not just wheat streak mosaic virus," he said.
"This resistance, combined with the observed drought tolerance of TAM 112, would result in an exceptionally valuable combination for much of the southwestern Great Plains," Rush said.
He said further research might determine that these wheat varieties with the wheat streak mosaic resistance trait may be more effective in northern states where wheat is planted later when it is cooler.
"We've established a collaboration with researchers in Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Montana to do a regional study on wheat streak and monitor the differences of certain cultivars in general," Rush said.
Knowing that, he said, they hope to determine why the differences are occurring and develop a disease forecasting risk assessment model for diseases vectored by the mite, including wheat streak mosaic, High Plains disease and triticum mosaic virus.
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Public release date: 27-Feb-2012
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